Was Eve Exempt?

In the Jewish tradition, there are four levels, represented by “The acronym PRDS…pronounced PaRDeS, a phrase which means ‘garden’ or ‘paradise’[1]” by which any Biblical passage can be read:

1) P’shat, the literal meaning;
2) Remmez, the symbolic meaning of a text, such as the ethical teaching, the moral or the allegorical parable that one can draw from a particular passage
3) Drash, the metaphorical meaning usually expressed through poetry and midrash;
4) Sod, the mystical or Kabbalistic understading[2].

Because of this, Jews are known for being “nit-picky” in their Biblical study. Minute details, such as why one word is used instead of another; the numerological value of a particular word; potential anagrams that can be extracted from the consonants; and various vowel combinations (since Biblical Hebrew does not use them) that are possible; are all examined to see the myriad ways in which they might relate to and expand upon our understanding of the text[3]. It is in this spirit of attention to the layered meaning of minutia that I have chosen to examine closely the second version of the creation myth, found in Genesis chapter 2.

The first thing that must be established is the chronology of Tree of Knowledge (TOK) ban. There is no mention of this prohibition at all AND Adam and Eve are created on the same day (1:26-27) in the first creation myth found in Genesis 1. In the second telling however, Deity is portrayed as speaking to Adam before the creation of Eve, or even animals. In this version, the earth cannot be created UNTIL Adam lives “These are the generations of the heavens and the earth when they were created. In the day that the LORD God made the earth and the heavens, when no plant of the field was yet in the earth and no herb of the field had yet sprung up--for the LORD God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was no man to till the ground. (emphasis mine) (Genesis 2:4-5) In this second version Adam’s presence (and perhaps even Adam’s assistance) is a pre-requisite for the act of plant creation; a task which was God’s alone in Chapter 1[4]. After Adam’s creation in 2:7, the command “but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you shall die” is given in 2:17. Adam is the only human being who is present to receive this prohibition. Eve is not created, in this version of the creation story, until 2:21-22; which means (to restate the obvious) that she was not present nor was she being addressed, when God speaks to Adam in 2:17.

From this point forward, and as we make our way towards the exit of humanity from Eden, we must- in true Jewish tradition- examine the minutia of the text. In this case, I’ll be paying close attention to the pronouns. In 3:1, the serpent asks Adam and Eve “Did God really say ‘you may not eat of any tree in the Garden?” And Eve’s response is an interesting one. She tells the serpent “of any tree in the Garden WE[5] may eat the fruit; but God said ‘of the fruit of the tree in the middle of it do not eat, and do not even touch it, or YOU will die.” (3:2-3) Eve does not say “we may eat…or we may die.” This may seem like splitting hairs, but in the Jewish tradition of Biblical exegesis, such differences matter. And this pattern continues.

When the serpent makes the claim that eating of the TOK is not fatal, Eve eats from the tree first. (3:4-6) This could be viewed as a form of poison control test, much like the royal food taster of medieval times. Eve (knowing that she has not been included in the TOK ban) takes the first bite and only when she does not die and thus determines that it is safe, offers it to Adam. After realizing their nakedness and forming clothing, Adam and Eve are called before God. Upon learning that they are now ashamed of their nudity, his response to each is different. Of Adam, God demands “Did you eat of the tree that I forbade you to eat?” (3:11) Only when Adam responds that he had simply eaten what Eve had given him, does God asks Eve “what is this that you have you done?” and she responds that the serpent tricked her. (3:13)

It is clear within the text that the TOK prohibition was placed upon Adam alone, however there seems to be an implication that while she was exempt from the ban itself, Eve was charged with enforcing it; much as in the husband and wife analogy I mentioned above. Because Eve utilized a common technique found within Jewish law called “putting a fence around the law[6]”, “and do not even touch it” (2:3) it seems to indicate that she was aware of Adam’s personal taboo and was attempting to enforce it in order to project him. This idea is carried out again through the consequences that God metes out to Eve. “I am doubling and redoubling your pains of pregnancy; with pain shall you bear children.” (3:16) To me, this is not so much a punishment as it is a paradigm shift. Humans tend to place a higher value on that which we had to earn.

God does not react to the fact that Eve herself ate of the fruit; only that she allowed Adam to do so. Eve’s erred not by partaking of the fruit of the TOK, but in allowing Adam to do so, when he had been warned that it might cause his death. Eve’s mistake was in failing to care properly for Adam- possibly because his creation came about with no effort or sacrifice on her part. By allowing Eve to bring forth her children in pain, God is instituting a mechanism by which Eve (and every mother after her) has a vested interest in the lives of her progeny…and is therefore likely to care for and protect them with more effort than she did for Adam. It is interesting to note that Eve was not named until AFTER the incident with the TOK and just before the couple is exiled. Names carry immense weight within the Jewish tradition and it is interesting to see what Adam chooses to name his wife. Rather than the stigma of a name that reflects her (historically interpreted) status as temptress or dupe; she is given the moniker Chava- a title that serves both to reinforce and to reaffirm her of the role she was created to fulfill and the immense responsibility she has been given: “Mother (syn: protector, caretaker) of Life.”



[1] ben Shaul, David. "Union of Torah Observant Ministries." 22 April 2008. What is Meant by Torah Observance: 4 Levels of Interpretation of the TNK #2. 5 January 2010 .
[2] ibid
[3] This is my own statement, but has been reviewed for accuracy by Rabbi Shlomo Chein of www.askmoses.com
[4] This is a direct reference to the incredibly powerful influence of agrarian culture on the development of the early Hebrew tribe; but that’s another topic for another day.
[5] Pronouns relevant to the thesis are bolded for emphasis
[6] “Many biblical precepts are expressed as broad principles without legalistic detail. For example, "work" is prohibited on the sabbath yet is never defined legally. This ambiguity, which allowed for some flexibility, was considered a liability by Pharisaic Judaism. In an attempt to make sure the command proper was never violated, the rabbis created secondary, rigid rules which, if followed, would theoretically prevent a person from ever violating the biblical command itself. This was known as "putting a fence around the law." Baker’s Evangelical Dictionary, available at http://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionaries/bakers-evangelical-dictionary/law.html

Sh'lach L'cha: Numbers 13:1-15:41

G-d punished the spies who returned with pessimistic reports, even though they had been shown a land of milk and honey. They saw that the people living there were “giants” and became afraid. In the commentary at our synagogue, I read that many scholars interpret the meaning of “milk and honey” as being a land wherein the populace is able to access the resources of both nomadic lifestyles (honey) and agrarian (milk).

In mulling this over, I wonder if perhaps the fact that the people were “giants” is a reference to inhabitants that were well nourished, without the physical limitations that come with poor nutrition. Maybe the spies were not seeing a race of super-humans, but rather a group of people who had the benefits that come with being able to settle in one place, where they can farm, hunt, and gather the resources they need. The difficulty for the spies was in having the foresight to recognize that they were being shown a vision of their own future- one of peace and plenty. Instead, they saw the strength and fortitude of the people in Canaan and the abundance of fruit (to the point where they needed two men to carry a branch of grapes) and were intimidated. They looked at blessings available in Canaan and saw only weakness and want in themselves. I think THAT is why G-d punished them.

S/he decided that if they did not understand that they were capable of the task that G-d had set before them, that S/he would remove it from them….and, in a classic case of “you get what you ask for”, the tribe would spend 40 years wandering; until the time came when the generation that came out of Egypt, and who still carried within them the slave mentality, had passed away. The land of milk and honey would have to wait for another generation- one who would grow up in the desert, a wandering people strengthened by a lifetime of self-reliance. The literal children of Israel, those who were youngest among the Exodus group and whose memories would not be those of slavery but of survival in the harshest of circumstances….these would be the men and women capable of seeing a land flowing with milk and honey and recognizing that it was possible. That they possessed within themselves what it took to not only be FREE but to be BLESSED.

So, what do I learn from this weeks Torah portion?

My job sucks. I pretty much experience the textbook definition of a “hostile workplace” every day. My direct supervisor is a friend whom I got hired as a temporary, part-time employee last summer. Then, they made her my boss. Because of this, she takes every opportunity to minimize me and generally make me look like an idiot to our Executive Director. Because she knows that she sits at the desk that was supposed to be mine…and as long as I’m there, she’ll see me as a threat. I’m given extra duties, even as she cuts my hours. She yells at me for failing to do things that she never actually gave me to do. My ideas are put down in our meetings…but then presented as her own to the Executive Director. I arrive at work every day, convinced that it will be the day I get fired. I could keep going, but after a certain point it just turns into whining….and besides, at this point I’m sure you’re wondering what this has to do with Torah. As it turns out, a lot.

I’ve fallen into a pattern of complaining (or “venting” as I like to call it). I’m a broken record of workplace woes, and I’ve realized that I’m not entirely sure how to stop. My workplace is just so horribly demeaning that I find myself fixated on the injustice of it all. And while many of my concerns are fully justified, I recognize that harping on them doesn’t make them go away…it just makes me more and more miserable. In other words, I have been like the pessimistic spies: refusing to see the blessings that G-d has put before me, in favor of an attitude of slavery and unworthiness. In her commentary on this Parashat, Sandy Schachter writes:

“There is a Midrash that suggests that God was upset with the spies, not for their own self-perception but for projecting that self-perception onto others:

'I shall forgive them this remark,' said God. But when they said: 'And so we were in their sight,' God asked: 'Did you know how I made you appear in their sight? Who can say that you did not appear in their sight as angels? What have you brought upon yourselves?'

We set ourselves up for failure when we project our insecurities onto others.”
(http://tbsoc.com/torahcommentaries/Shlach_Lcha_DvarTorah.pdf)


My justifiable indignation at the unfairness of my situation has morphed into a self-pitying, self-defeating generalized hopelessness that I seem to be incapable of NOT sharing with every single person I meet. My bosses (both my direct supervisor and our Executive Director) make me so miserable that I find myself spewing out this sorrow and anger and rejection to friends, to family, to the poor soul who happens to say hello to me at Temple. This is particularly sad because generally speaking, I LOVE my job. Most of my co-workers are people I consider to be not just co-workers, but friends. The actual tasks of my job are things that I love to do and that I’m good at. I have taken an exceptional amount of time off of work in order to be with my son as he goes through surgery after surgery and one painful or scary procedure after another. Through all of this, my employer has been supportive and has maintained my employment, albeit begrudgingly and with increasing reluctance. The work I do makes a tangible difference in the world; a difference for the recipient families whose joy I get to share. Frankly, even taking the abusive supervisors into account, I am blessed.

One of the things that has bothered me about the Bible is the fact that people were already living in Canaan when it was (according to the victors) promised to the Jews. It has always struck me as deeply unfair that the tribe of Israel would be given a land already possessed by others. What about the people already living there? Were they expected to just up and leave? I’ve come to the potentially naive conclusion that if the spies had brought back a message of optimism and hope to the people waiting in the desert, they would have been able to enter the land without bloodshed, and to live in peace with the neighbors there. The reason it became necessary to fight to claim the land (a fight that a wrestle with, since it strikes me as deeply unfair) is because they refused G-d’s blessing when it was offered to them and thus, it became more difficult to receive it in the future. Admittedly, this is not a well-formed thought and it still doesn’t address the fundamental injustice of the literalist interpretation.

On the bright side however, I’ve always been fond of reading any sacred text as metaphor. From the metaphorical perspective, this reading brings to mind one of my favorite Hebrew names for G-d: HaMakom, “The Place.” Perhaps, like I am today, the Jews were wrong to be looking for an external place of peace; a life free from injustice and uncertainty. Maybe instead, the land we are meant to dwell in G-d itself. This week’s Torah portion serves as a reminder to me that I cannot fail to see the blessings in life. G-d has sent each of us out on a mission: to find abundance in the lands we have been given; to seek HaMakom even in the midst of giants; and to have the faith and the vision to recognize this place when I see it.

To do otherwise- to focus on the fear, the frustration, and the “giants” in my life is to reject the blessings that accompany them and to risk losing out on so much goodness. The key is not to let my own experience of “slavery” and the feelings of resentment and degradation to blind me to the possibilities G-d has placed before me. But rather, as in the Midrash, to realize that regardless of where I find myself in life, I am dwelling within G-d itself and that S/he will “make me appear” just what I need to be in order to flourish and thrive in whatever physical Canaan I may enter. I am not slave, but angel. The land of milk and honey- HaMakom- is there, within my sights.

Greetings and Salutations

Hello, and welcome to 613 Seeds, my blog of Torah learning, reflection, and practice. I will warn you now, I know next to nothing about Torah, which is part of why I'm doing this. I am a thirty-one year old convert to Judaism. I've been toying around with the idea of keeping a weekly journal of reflections on each week's Torah portion, along with any commentaries that I find interesting, and of course, my own insights as to how this applies best to my life. Ideally, I'll be posting here once a week, on Sundays. Realistically, odds are good that I won't actually manage to be that consistant...mostly because of how crazy my life is right now.

I'm a military wife, married to a twice-over Iraq veteran who struggles Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, depression and bipolar disorder. I'm also the mother of a little boy in need of an organ transplant and a teenager in desperate need of....well, teenagers pretty much demand the moon on a daily basis, don't they? I work in the fund development department of a large charity and am also in the middle of starting my own nonprofit. On top of ALL of this, I'm a full time student twice over; pursuing my Masters of Divinity while also working to complete my Bachelors in Psychology at the same time. Basically, my life consists of caring for a physically fragile child, an emotionally fragile spouse, a demanding teenager, school and of course, work.

In the middle of all of this chaos is Shabbat...my refuge and my anchor. Our family never misses a Friday night, unless my son is in the hospital. We attend a Reform congregation with an incredibly supportive, wise and loving staff. We are actively engaged in living a Jewish life and take great joy and pride in our spiritual community. In fact, most weeks we are at our synagogue more evenings that we are at home! This doesn't mean that we're religious fanatics though...I'm a Feminist theologian and tend to skew liberal/progressive on pretty much every subject both social and spiritual and am fascinated by the Jewish Renewal movement and by modern mystical writers such as Gershon Winkler and Rabbi Jill Hammer.

You might be wondering about the name: 613 Seeds. The pomegranate has been my "thing" since I was a fifteen. If people still had coats of arms, my primary symbol would be the pomegranate. So, it seemed to be a fortunate sign that when I first started learning about Judaism, I discovered that the pomegranate has long been a symbol of the Torah. Tradition teaches that the Pom contains 613 seeds...one for each of the 613 mitzvot. So, for both personal and religious reasons, I've decided to title this journal 613 Seeds. It seems fitting, both personally and spiritually.

I don't expect anyone to be reading this. I'm not inviting many readers, nor am I publicizing this blog outside of my own small circle. This is mostly a place for me to gather my thoughts and reflect on each weeks teaching. If you happen to stumble upon it and want to leave your own insights or interpretations, you are welcome to do so. Just look for the "Seeds of Wisdom" icon near each of my postings.

Thanks for stopping by. Shalom.